English 680W Writing Program Administration

Bibliography of Print Sources

Instructor: Professor Shirley Rose

Purdue University

January 2002

 

Writing Program Administration—General

 

Hartzog, Carol.  Composition and the Academy: A Study of Writing Program Administration. New York: Modern Language Association, 1986.

 

Bloom, Lynn A., Donald A. Daiker, and Edward M. White, Eds.  Composition in the Twenty-first Century: Crisis and Change.  Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1996.

 

George, Diana, ed. Kitchen Gods, Plate Twirlers and Troubadours: Writing Program Administrators Tell Their Stories. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1999.

 

Janangelo, Joseph and Kristine Hansen, Eds.  Resituating Writing: Constructing and Administering Writing Programs.  Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1995.

 

Petraglia, Joseph, ed.  Reconceiving Writing, Rethinking Writing Instruction. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1995.

 

Guidebooks/Sourcebooks

Hilgers, Thomas and Joy Marsella.  Making Your Writing Program Work: A Guide to Good Practices.  Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992.

 

Myers-Breslin, Linda, ed. Administrative Problem-Solving for Writing Programs and Writing Centers: Scenarios in Effective Program Management. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1999.

 

Ward, Irene and William J. Carpenter.  Allyn and Bacon Sourcebook for Writing Program Administrators.  New York: Longman, 2002.

 

Writing Program Administration—Historical

Corbett, Edward P.J.  “A History of Writing Program Administration.”  Learning from the Histories of Rhetoric: Essays in Honor of Winifred Bryan Horner. Ed. Theresa Enos. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1993. 60-71.

 

Crowley, Sharon. Composition in the University: Historical and Polemical Essays.  Pittsburgh: U Pittsburgh P, 1998.

 

Hoover, Regina.  “Taps for Freshman English?”  CCC 15.2 (May 1974): 149-54.

 

Kitzhaber, Albert.  Rhetoric in American Colleges, 1850-1900. Southern Methodist UP, 1982 (1953).

 

L’Eplattenier, Barbara.  “Finding Ourselves in the Past: An Argument for the Need for Historical Work on WPAs.” The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher: Inquiry in Action and Reflection. Eds. Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser. Portsmouth, NJ: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1999.

 

Shaw, Patrick.  “Freshman English: To Compose or Decompose, That’s the Question.”  CCC 15.2 (May 1974): 155-59.

 

Smith, Ron.  “The Composition Requirement Today: A Report on a nationwide Survey of Four-Year College and Universities.”  CCC 15.2 (May 1974): 138-48.

 

“The Status of Freshman English.”  CCC 19.1 (Feb 1968): 81-85.

 

Tigar, Par.  “ADE Survey of Freshman English.” ADE Bulletin 43 (Nov 1974): 13-19.

 

Politics/Economics of Writing Program Administration:

Bullock, Richard and John Trimbur.  Politics of Writing Instruction: Postsecondary. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1991.

 

Hult, Christine.  "Politics Redux: The Organization and Administration of Writing Programs."  WPA 18 (Spring 1995): 44-52.

 

Miller, Susan.  Textual Carnivals: The Politics of Composition.  Carbondale and Edwardswille, IL: Southern Illinois UP, 1991.

 

Schell, Eileen E.  Gypsy Academics and Mother-Teachers: Gender, Contingent Labor, and Writing Instruction. Portsmouth, NJ: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1998.

 

Subject Position of the Writing Program Administrator:

Cambridge, Barbara L. and Ben McClelland.  “From Icon to Partner: Repositioning the Writing Program Administrator.” Resituating Writing: Constructing and Administering Writing Programs. Ed. Joseph Janangelo and Kristine Hansen. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1995. 151-59

 

Gracie, William J., Jr. “Directing Freshman English: The Role of Administration in Freshman English Programs.”  WPA:  Writing Program Administration 5.3 (Spring 1982): 21-24.

 

Gunner, Jeanne.  “Decentering the WPA.” WPA: Writing Program Administration 18 (1994): 8-15.

 

Gunner, Jeanne, Guest Editor. (Special Issue on Collaborative Writing Program Administration). WPA: Writing Program Administration 21.2/3 (Spring 1998).

 

Gunner, Jeanne. “Among the Composition People: The WPA as English Department Agent.” JAC: A Journal of Composition Theory 18.1 (1998): 153-165.

 

Miller, Richard E.  “From Intellectual Wasteland to Resource-Rich Colony: Capitalizing on the Role of Writing Instruction in Higher Education.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 24.3 (Spring 2001): 25-40.

 

Olson, Gary A. and Joseph M. Moxley.  “Directing Freshman Composition: The Limits of Authority.” CCC 40 (1989): 51-59.

 

Phelps, Louise Wetherbee. “Telling a Writing Program Its Own Story: A Tenth Anniversary Speech.” The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher: Inquiry in Action and Reflection. Eds. Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser. Portsmouth, NJ: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, forthcoming.

 

Sledd, James.  "An Enterprise Founded on Exploitation."  The Council Chronicle  Sept 1995: 6

 

White Edward M.  “Use It or Lose It: Power and the WPA.” Writing Program Administration 15.1-2 (1991): 3-12.

 

Feminist (Writing Program) Administration

Astin, Helen S. and Carole Leland.  Women of Influence, Women of Vision: A Cross-Generational Study of Leaders and Social Change.  San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1991.

 

Barr-Ebest, Sally.  “Gender Differences in Writing Program Administration.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 19.3 (Spring 1995): 53-73.

 

Dickson, Marcia.  “Directing Without Power: Adventures in Constructing a Model of Feminist Writing Program Administration.”  Writing Ourselves into the Story: Unheard Voices from Composition Studies.  Eds. Sheryl Fontaine and Susan Hunter.  Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois UP, 1993. 140-53.

 

Ferguson, Kathy.  The Feminist Case Against Bureaucracy. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1984.

 

Glazer, Judith S.  “Feminism and Professionalism in Teaching and Educational Administration.” Educational Administration Quarterly 27.3 (1991): 321-42.

 

Goodburn, Amy and Carrie Shively Leverencz.  “Feminist Writing Program Administration: Resisting the Bureaucracy Within.”  Feminism and Composition: In Other Words. Eds. Susan Jarratt and Lynn Worsham. New York: Modern Language Association, 1997. 276-90.

 

Grundy, Shirley.  “Educational Leadership as Emancipatory Praxis.”  Gender Matters in Educational Administration and Policy. Eds. Jill Blackmore and Jane Kenway.  London: Falmer, 1993. 165-77

 

Holdstein, Deborah.  “Gender, Feminism, and Institution-Wide Assessment Program.” In White, Lutz, and Kamusikiri, Assessment of Writing. New York: MLA, 1996.____

 

Miller, Hildy. “Postmasculinist Directions in Writing Program Administration.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 20.1/2 (Fall/Winter 1996): 49-61.

 

Phelps, Louise Wetherbee. “A Constrained Vision of the Writing Classroom.” Profession 93. New York: MLA, 1993. 46-54.

 

Phelps, Louise Wetherbee. “Becoming a Warrior: Lessons of the Feminist Workplace.”  Feminine Principles and Women’s Experience in American Composition and Rhetoric.” Eds. Louise Wetherbee Phelps and Janet Emig. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1994.  289-339.

 

WPA Job Descriptions

“Administration of the Composition Course: The Report of the Workshop No. 13.”  CCC 1.2 (May 1950): 40-42.

 

“Administration of the Composition Course: the Report of Workshop No. 13.” CCC 2.4 (December 1951): 24-26.

 

Bishop, Wendy.  “Toward a Definition of a Writing Program Administrator: Expanding Roles and Evolving Responsibilities.”  Freshman English Notes (Fall 1987): 11-13.

 

Bloom, Lynn Z.  “Bloom’s Laws.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 21.1 (Fall 1997): 85-87.

 

Bloom, Lynn Z.  “I Want a Writing Director.” CCC 43 (1992): 176-78.

 

Hult, Christine, et al. “’The Portland Resolution’: Guidelines for Writing Program Administrator Positions.” WPA: Writing Program Administration 16.1/2 (Fall/Winter 1992): 88-94.

 

Janangelo, Joseph.  “Somewhere Between Disparity and Despair: Writing Program Administrators, Image Problems, and the MLA Job Information List.” WPA: Writing Program Administrator 15.1/2 (Fall/Winter 1991): 60-66.

 

Recchio, Thomas and Lynn Z. Bloom.  “Initiation Rites, Initiation Rights.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 14.3 (Spring 1991): 21-26.

 

Preparation/Professionalism/Professionalization of WPAs

Abbott, Andrew.  “The Order of Professionalization.”  Work and Occupations 18.4 (November 1991): 355-384.

 

Anson, Chris M. and Carol Rutz.  “Graduate Students, Writing Programs, and Consensus-Based Management: Collaboration in the Face of Disciplinary Ideology.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 21.2/3 (Spring 1998): 106-20.

 

Barr-Ebest, Sally.  “Preparing the Next Generation of WPAs: A Study of Graduate Students in Composition/Rhetoric.” Unpublished ms.

 

Berkenkotter, Carol, Thomas N. Huckin, and John Ackerman.  “Conventions, Conversations, and the Writer: Case Study of a Student in a Rhetoric Ph.D. Program.”  Research in the Teaching of English 22.1 (February 1988): 9-44.

 

Bledstein, Burton J.  The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America.  New York: Norton, 1978. (selected excerpts)

 

Gunner, Jeanne.  “Our Crowd(ing): the WPA Membership and Some Questions on Insularity.”  Paper presented at the 1998 WPA Conference, Tucson, AZ.

 

Larson, Magali Sarfatti.  The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis.  Berkeley: U of California P, 1977. (selected excerpts)

 

Long, Mark C., Jennifer H. Holberg, and Marcy M. Taylor. “Beyond Apprenticeship: Graduate Students, Professional Development Programs and the Future(s) of English Studies.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 20.1/2 (Fall/Winter 1996): 66-78.

 

Miller, Richard. “’Let’s Do the Numbers’: Comp Droids and the Prophets of Doom.”  Profession 1999: 96-105.

 

Miller, Thomas P.  “Why Don’t Our Graduate Programs Do a Better Job of Preparing Students for the Work That We Do? WPA: Writing Program Administration 24.3 (Spring 2001): 41-58.

 

Ohman, Richard.  English in America: A Radical View of the Profession. New York: Oxford U P, 1976.

 

Ohman, Richard. Selling Culture: Magazines, Markets, and Class at the Turn of the Century. New York: Verso, 1996.

 

Peters, Bradley. “Enculturation, Not Alchemy: Professionalizing Novice Writing Program Administrators.” WPA: Writing Program Administration 21.2/3 (Spring 1998): 121-36.

 

Peterson, Linda.  “The WPA’s Progress: A Survey, Story and Commentary on the Career Patterns of Writing Program Administrators.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 10.3 (1987): 11-18.

 

Schell, Eileen E.  "Who's the Boss?: the Possibilities and Pitfalls of Collaborative Administration for Untenured WPAs."  WPA 21.1/2 (Spring 1998): 65-

 

Stygall, Gail.  “Certifying Knowledge: Options for WPAs.” Paper presented at 1997 WPA Conference, Houghton MI.

 

Thomas, Trudelle.  “The Graduate Student as Apprentice WPA: Experiencing the Future.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 14.3 (Spring 1991): 41-51.

 

Trimbur, John.  “Writing Instruction and the Politics of Professionalization.” Composition in the Twenty-First Century: Crisis and Change.  Ed. Lynn Bloom, Donald Daiker, and Edward White.  Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1996. 133-45

 

 

WRITING PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION AS INTELLECTUAL WORK

General Issues

 

Bullock, Richard H.  “When Administration Becomes Scholarship: The Future of Writing Program Administration.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 11.1/2 (Fall 1987): 13-18.

 

Boehm, Diane, Suellen Duffey, Theresa Enos, and Jeanne Gunner.  “Responses to ‘Evaluating the Intellectual Work of WPAs: A Draft’.” WPA 20.3 (Spring 1997): 17-?

 

Hult, Christine. “Scholarship of Administration.” Resituating  Writing: Constructing and Administering Writing Programs. Eds. Joseph Janangelo and Kristine Hansen.  Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1995.

 

McClintock, Charles.  “Administrators as Applied Theorists.” Advances in Program Theory. New Directions for Program Evaluation #47, Fall 1990. 19-33

 

MLA Commission on Professional Service. “Making Faculty Work Visible: Reinterpreting Professional Service, Teaching, and Research in the Fields of Language and Literature.”  Profession 96. New York: MLA, 1996. 161-216.

 

WPA Executive Committee. “Evaluating the Intellectual Work of Writing Program Administrators: A Draft.  WPA 20.1/2 (Fall/Winter 1996): 92-?

 

 

Writing Program Administrator as Program Designer and Agent of Institutional Change

 

Bamberg, Betty.  “Alternative Models of First-year Composition: Possibilities and Problems.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 21.1 (Fall 1997): 7-18.

 

Crowley, Sharon.  “Composition’s Ethic of Service, the Universal Requirement, and the Discourse of Student Need.”  JAC 15.2 (1995): 227-39.

 

Chase, Geoffrey. “Redefining Composition, Managing Change, and the Role of the WPA.” WPA: Writing Program Administration 21.1 (Fall 1997): 46-54.

 

Gale, Irene.  “Conflicting Paradigms: Theoretical and Administrative Tensions in Writing Program Administration.” WPA: Writing program Administration 14.1-2 (Fall/winter 1990): 41-50.

 

Little, Sherry Burgus and Shirley K Rose.  “A Home of Our Own: Establishing a Department of Rhetoric and Writing Studies at San Diego State University.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 18.1/2 (Fall/Winter 1994): 16-28.

 

Phelps, Louise Wetherbee.  "The Institutional Logic of Writing Programs: Catalyst, Laboratory, and Pattern for Change."  Bullock and  Trimbur

 

Phelps, Louise Wetherbee.  "Reproducing Composition and Rhetoric: The Intellectual Challenge of Doctoral Education."  Composition Studies: Freshman English News 23 (Fall 1995): 115-32.

 

Rhoades, Gary. “The Changing Role of Faculty.”  Higher Education in Transition: The Challenges of the New Millenium.  Eds. Joseph Losco and Brian Fife.  Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 2000. 29-49.

 

Sullivan, Francis J., et al.  “Student Needs and Strong Composition: The Dialectics of Writing Program Reform.”  College Composition and Communication 48.3 (October 1997): 372-91.

 

Weiser, Irwin.  “Preparing Students to Write in the Liberal Arts: A Survey of Writing Expectations.” The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher: Inquiry in Action and Reflection. Eds. Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser. Portsmouth, NJ: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1999.

 

Writing Program Administrator as Program Evaluator

Guba, Egon G. and Yvonne S. Lincoln.  Effective Evaluation.  San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1982.

 

Martin, Wanda. “Outcomes Assessment Research as a Teaching Tool.” The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher: Inquiry in Action and Reflection. Eds. Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser. Portsmouth, NJ: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1999.

 

White, Edward M., William D. Lutz, and Sandra Kamusikiri, Eds.  Assessment of Writing: Politics, Policies, Practices. New York: MLA, 1997.

 

White, Edward M.  “The Rhetorical Problem of Program Evaluation and the WPA.” In Janangelo and Hansen.

 

Witte, Stephen and Lester Faigley.  Evaluating College Writing Programs.  Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1993.

 

 

???? “Selected Bibliography on Postsecondary Writing Assessment.”  CCC 43 (May 1992): 253-___

 

Writing Program Administrator as Teacher-Educator/WPA and Writing Faculty Development

Blakemore, Peter.  "An Intentionally Ecological Approach to Teacher Training."  WPA 21:2/3 (Spring 1998): 137-149

 

Irmscher, William. "TA Training: A Period of Discovery."

 

Pytlik, Betty P and Sarah Liggett.  Preparing College Teachers of Writing: Histories,Theories, Programs, Practices. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

 

Strenski, Ellen. “Recruiting and Explaining Experienced Teachers: Balancing Game Plans in an Entrepreneurial Force-Field.” Resituating  Writing: Constructing and Administering Writing Programs. Eds. Joseph Janangelo and Kristine Hansen.  Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1995. 82-99.

 

 

Writing Program Administrator as Researcher

Anson, Chris M. and Ropbert L. Brown, Jr.  “Subject to Interpretation: The Role of Research in Writing Programs and its Relationship to the Politics of Administration in Higher Education.” The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher: Inquiry in Action and Reflection. Eds. Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser. Portsmouth, NJ: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1999.

 

Bamberg, Betty.  “Conflicts Between Teaching and Assessing Writing: Using Program-Based Research to Resolve Pedagogical and Ethical Dilemmas.” The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher: Inquiry in Action and Reflection. Eds. Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser. Portsmouth, NJ: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1999.

 

Ferganchick-Neufang, Julia.  “Research (Im)Possibilities: Feminist Methods and WPA Inquiry.” The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher: Inquiry in Action and Reflection. Eds. Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser. Portsmouth, NJ: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1999.

 

Gere, Anne Ruggles.  "The Long Revolution in Composition." Composition in the Twenty-First Century: Crisis and Change.  Ed. Lynn Bloom, Donald Daiker, and Edward White.  Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1996.

 

Harris, Muriel.  “Diverse Research Methodologies at Work for Diverse Audiences: Shaping the Writing Center to the Institution.” The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher: Inquiry in Action and Reflection. Eds. Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser. Portsmouth, NJ: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1999.

 

McKernan, John.  Curriculum Action Research: A Handbook of Methods and Resources for the Reflective Practitioner.  London: Kogan Page, 1991.

 

Phelps, Louise Wetherbee.  “Practical Wisdom and the Geography of Knowledge in Composition.”  College English 47 (1992): 338-56.

 

 

Evaluating Writing Program Administrators

Boyer, Ernest.  Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate.  Princeton, NJ: the Carnegie Foundation, 1990.

 

Gebhardt, Richard C. and Barbara Genelle Smith Gebhardt, Eds.  Academic Advancement in Composition Studies: Scholarship, Publication, Promotion, Tenure. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1997.

 

Beidler, Peter.  “The WPA Evaluation: A Recent Case History.”

 

McLeod, Susan.  “Requesting a Consultant-Evaluator Visit.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 14.3 (Spring 1991): 69-77.

 

Schwegler, Robert. “Defining, Describing, and Evaluating the Intellectual Work of Writing Program Administrators: A Project Proposal.”  Adopted by the WPA Executive Committee, March 1994.

 

WPA as Program Archivist

 

Mirtz, Ruth M.  “WPAs as Historians: Discovering a First Year Writing Program by Researching Its Past.” The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher: Inquiry in Action and Reflection. Eds. Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser. Portsmouth, NJ: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1999.

 

Rose, Shirley K.  “Discovering and Preserving Our Histories of Institutional Change: The WPA’s Intellectual Work in the Writing Program Archives.” The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher: Inquiry in Action and Reflection. Eds. Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser. Portsmouth, NJ: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1999.

 

Smith, Dorothy E.  “The Social Construction of Documentary Reality.  Sociological Inquiry 44 (1974): 257-68.

 

Zimmerman, Ray and Ellen Strenski.  “Using the World Wide Web for Instructional Development: Writing Program Home Pages, On-Line Course Manuals, and Web-Archived Staff Listservs.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 20.3 (Spring 1997): 91-101.

 

WPA as Para-legal: Legal Issues for Writing Program Administrators

“Buckley Amendment”—Title 20 U.S. Code Section 12329—Student’s Right to Privacy

 

Miles, Libby and Candace Spigelman.  “Flexible, Responsive Classroom Practice; What Writing Teachers Need to Know about Their Fair use Rights.” The Council Chronicle September 1998: 8.

 

Porter, Jim (James E.). “Position Statement,” Presented at “Copyright and Consent: What Policies Should Composition Journals and Presses Adopt Concerning Publication of Student Writing and Student-Based Research?” CCCC 1998, Chicago, IL.

 

Porter, James E. “Legal Realities and Ethical Hyperrealities: A Critical Approach Toward Cyberwriting.”  Computers and Technical Communication: Pedagogical and Programmatic Perspectives. Stuart A. Selber, Ed.  Volume 3 in ATTW Contemporary Studies in Technical Communication. Greenwich, CT: Ablex, 1997.

 

RESEARCHING WRITING PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION

Bishop, Wendy and Gay Lynn Crossley.  “How to Tell a Story of Stopping: The Complexities of Narrating a WPA’s Experience.” WPA: Writing Program Administration 19.3 (Spring 1996): 70-79.

 

Danzig, Arnold B.  “Leadership Stories: What Novices Learn by Crafting the Stories of Experienced School Administrators.” Journal of Educational Administration 35.2 (1997): 122-37.

 

OTHER

Bishop, Wendy.  “ Writing Is/And Therapy?: Raising Questions about Writing Classrooms and Writing Program Administration.” Journal of Advanced Composition.  13.2 (Fall 1993): 503-16.

 

RESOURCES

Writing Center Administration

 

Harris, Muriel. “What's Up and What's In: Trends and Traditions in Writing Centers.” Writing Center Journal. 11.1 (Fall-Win 1990): 15-25.

 

Kinkead, Joyce A. and Jeanette G. Harris.  Writing Centers in Context: Twelve Case Studies. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1993.

 

Christina Murphy, Joe Law, and Steve Sherwood.  Writing Centers: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1996.

 

ESL Issues in Writing Program Administration

 

Belcher, Diane, and George Braine, eds.  Academic Writing in a Second Language: Essays on Research and Pedagogy.  Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1995

 

Ferris, Dana, and John S. Hedgcock.  Teaching ESL Composition: Purpose, Process, and Practice.  Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998.

 

Hamp-Lyons, Liz, ed.  Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts.  Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1991.

 

Severino, Carol, Juan C. Guerra, and Johnella E. Butler, eds. Writing in Multicultural Settings.  New York: MLA, 1997.

 

Silva, Tony.  “An Examination of Writing Program Administrators’ Options for the Placement of ESL Students in First-year Writing Classes.”  WPA: Writing Program Administration 18.1/2 (Fall/Winter 1994): 37-43.

 

Silva, Tony.  “Toward an Understanding of the Distinct Nature of L2 Writing: The ESL Research and Its Implications.” TESOL Quarterly 27.4 (Winter 1993): 657-77.