STUDY GUIDE

8/04

EAS 100

Study Guide to Textbook

Foundations of Earth Science

(Lutgens and Tarbuck, 4th edition, 2005)

 

The textbook for EAS 100, Foundations of Earth Science, by Lutgens and Tarbuck is an excellent book.  It is up-to-date, "readable", has good illustrations and an appropriate treatment of the four subject areas - Earth Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric Science, and Astronomy - which constitute the subject matter for EAS 100.  The book is of appropriate length for a one-semester course and the authors make an attempt to emphasize and identify fundamental concepts and terms and to illustrate these concepts with relevant and significant examples.  Despite the quality of this textbook, the reader may "get lost" in the volume of material and in the detailed and extensive terminology that is used in the book and that is somewhat characteristic of these subject areas.  This detail and terminology is necessary in a textbook in order for the book to be complete, authoritative, and useful as a reference.  An example of this detail is the use of key terms (in bold print in the chapters and listed at the end of each chapter) which tend to confuse and divert the reader from developing an understanding of the material based on the significant concepts and principles in the chapters.  Therefore, we suggest that the reader not try to memorize key terms, definitions or details.  The most effective way to study the material covered in EAS 100 using the textbook will be to use this Study Guide during your reading and review.  The Chapter in Review section at the end of each chapter will also be useful in reviewing the chapter.

The following study guide is intended to provide a list of the most important concepts and principles (on the left) and (a small number of) key words (on the right) which should be emphasized in reading the chapters of the textbook for EAS 100.  In addition, the most important Focus on Learning questions (at the beginning of each chapter), Figures to Study, The Chapter in Review section, and Questions for Review for each chapter are also listed.  An The Focus on Learning questions at the beginning of each chapter can be considered to be the main learning objectives for the chapter.  The Chapter in Review section also provides a convenient synopsis of the chapter for study after reading the chapter.  In EAS 100, we will cover only a portion of the book as given in the assigned reading in the Course Outline.  This Study Guide covers all of the chapters in the book.  In addition, internet addresses, review questions and critical thinking exercises are provided in the on-line study guide for the text available at www.prenhall.com/lutgens.  The CD-ROM, Geode II, included with the book, also provides additional opportunities for study and learning.

 

INTRODUCTION (p. 1)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

 

The Earth Sciences                                                  Hypothesis

Earth as a System                                                    Theory

Resources and Environmental Issues                      

Scientific Inquiry, Scientific Method                       

 

Figures to Study:  I.2, I.3, I.4, I.8, I.9

            Review Questions:  1, 2, 5,

 

UNIT 1 - EARTH MATERIALS

 

Chapter 1 - Minerals:  Building Blocks of Rocks (p. 15)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 2, 3, 4, 6

 

Minerals                                                                   Mineral

Isotopes and Radioactivity                                      Radioactivity

Properties of Minerals                                             Silicate

                                                                                Silicon-Oxygen tetrahedron

 

Figures to Study:  1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.15, 1.16

Review Questions:  6, 11, 12, 13

 

 

Chapter 2 - Rocks:  Materials of the lithosphere (p. 33)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 2

 

Rock cycle                                                               Magma

Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rocks            Weathering

                                                                                Metamorphism

                                                                                Mineral composition

 

Figures to Study:  2.2, 2.10, 2.11, 2.17, 2.23, 2.24

Review Questions:  4, 6, 9, 19

 

 

UNIT 2 - EARTH'S EXTERNAL PROCESSES

 

Chapter 3 - Landscapes Fashioned by Water (p. 61)

 

Focus on Learning:  2, 5, 8, 11

 

Water Cycle                                                             Mass Wasting

Running Water                                                        Erosion

Groundwater                                                           Deposition

                                                                                Deltas

                                                                                Porosity

                                                                                Aquifer

 

Figures to Study:  3.1, 3.4, 3.5, 3.12, 3.13, 3.15, 3.21, 3.25, 3.32

Review Questions:  4, 5, 16, 17

 

 

Chapter 4 - Glacial and Arid Landscapes (p. 93)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 4, 5, 6

 

Glaciers                                                                    Till

Glacial Deposits                                                      Moraine

Ice Ages                                                                   Drift

Deserts                                                                     Loess

 

Figures to Study:  4.6, 4.7, 4.10, 4.15, 4.19, 4.30

Review Questions:  2, 6, 10, 14, 15

 

 

 

UNIT 3 - EARTH'S INTERNAL PROCESSES

 

Chapter 5 - Plate Tectonics:  A Unifying Theory (p. 121)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7

 

Plate Boundaries                                                      Continental Drift

Plate Tectonics                                                         Divergent

Seafloor Spreading                                                  Convergent

The Driving Mechanism                                          Transform

                                                                                Rift

                                                                                Hot Spots

                                                                                Convection Currents

 

Figures to Study:  5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.19, 5.20, 5.21, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.27, 5.28

Review Questions:  5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 21

 

 

Chapter 6 - Restless Earth: Earthquakes, Geological Structures, and Mountain Building (p. 151)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

 

Elastic Rebound Theory                                          Earthquake

P, S, Surface Waves                                                 Faults

Earth's Interior Structure                                         Magnitude

                                                                                Tsunamis

                                                                                Lithosphere

                                                                                Asthenosphere

                                                                                Mantle

                                                                                Core

 

Figures to Study:  6.2, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.11, 6.15, 6.17, 6.18, 6.19, 6.24, 6.26, 6.28, 6.29, 6.30, 6.32, 6.33

Review Questions:  4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19

 

 

Chapter 7 - Fires Within:  Igneous Activity (p. 183)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 2, 3, 5, 6

 

Volcanic Eruptions                                                  Viscosity

Volcano Types                                                        Shield Volcanoes

Volcanic Composition                                             Composite Volcanoes

                                                                                Magma

                                                                                Caldera

                                                                                Pyroclastics

 

Figures to Study:  7.1, 7.5, 7.7, 7.9, 7.11, 7.15, 7.17, 7.19, 7.26, 7.27, 7.28

Review Questions:  3, 9, 19, 21, 22

 

 

UNIT 4 - DECIPHERING EARTH'S HISTORY

 

Chapter 8 - Geologic Time (p. 213)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

 

Catastrophism                                                         Relative Dating

Uniformitarianism                                                   Absolute Date

Fossil correlation                                                     Superposition

Radiometric Dating                                                  Horizontality

Geologic Time Scale                                                Cross-Cutting Relationships

  (Pre-Cambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic,                     Unconformities

   Cenozoic)                                                              Index Fossils

                                                                                Radioactivity

 

Figures to Study:  8.2, 8.3, 8.7, 8.10, 8.11, 8.13, 8.14, 8.16

Review Questions:  1, 2, 3, 14

 

 

UNIT 5 - THE GLOBAL OCEAN

 

Chapter 9 - Oceans:  The Last Frontier (p. 235)

 

Focus on Learning:  2, 3, 5, 6

 

Composition of Seawater                                        Continental Shelf

Ocean Bathymetry                                                   Continental Slope

                                                                                Abyssal Plain

                                                                                Mid-Ocean Ridge

                                                                                Atolls

 

Figures to Study:  9.1, 9.3, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 9.10, 9.11, 9.13

Review Questions:  4, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16

 

 

Chapter 10 - The Restless Ocean (p. 255)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 2, 3, 4, 6

 

Ocean Circulation, Currents                                    Coriolis Effect

Shoreline Processes                                                 Upwelling

                                                                                Tides

                                                                                Waves

                                                                                Longshore Currents

 

Figures to Study:  10.2, 10.3, 10.6, 10.7, 10.9, 10.13, 10.17, 10.20, 10.22, 10.23, 10.24, 10.25, 20.26, 10.27

Review Questions:  1, 3, 4, 5, 11, 15, 19

 

 

UNIT 6 - THE ATMOSPHERE

 

Chapter 11 - Heating the Atmosphere (p. 281)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

 

Composition of the Atmosphere                             Weather

Structure of the Atmosphere                                   Climate

Cause of Seasons                                                     Rotation

Electromagnetic Radiation                                       Revolution

Greenhouse Effect                                                    Radiation

Global Warming                                                      Conduction

                                                                                Convection

 

Figures to Study:  11.2, 11.3, 11.5, 11.7, 11.9, 11.10, 11.11, 11.13, 11.12, 11.14, 11.15, 11.17, 11.22, 11.28, 11.29

Review Questions:  1, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19

 

 

Chapter 12 - Clouds and Precipitation (p. 309)

 

Focus on Learning:  3, 4, 5, 9

 

Precipitation                                                            Latent Heat

                                                                                Humidity

 

Figures to Study:  12.7, 12.8, 12.11, 12.13

Review Questions:  1, 8, 9, 12, 13

 

 

Chapter 13 - The Atmosphere in Motion (p. 337)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 2, 3, 4, 5

 

Atmospheric Circulation                                         Air Pressure

High and Low Pressure Systems                             Wind

                                                                                Gradient

                                                                                Coriolis Effect

 

Figures to Study:  13.5, 13.6, 13.10, 13.11, 13.13, 13.14

Review Questions:  6, 9, 10

 

 

Chapter 14 - Weather Patterns and Severe Weather (p. 355)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 3, 4, 5

 

Air Masses                                                               Thunderstorm

Fronts                                                                      Saffir-Simpson Scale

Tornadoes

Hurricanes

 

Figures to Study:  14.5, 14.7, 14.8, 14.9, 14.11, 14.14, 14.15, 14.16, 14.20, 14.22, 14.23

Review Questions:  3, 7, 9, 10, 15, 16

 

 

UNIT 7 - EARTH'S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE

 

Chapter 15 - The Nature of the Solar System (p. 381)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 2, 3, 4, 6

 

Planets                                                                     Asteroids

Origin of the Solar System                                      Impact Craters

Earth's Moon                                                           Astronomical Units

                                                                                Terrestrial

 

Figures to Study:  15.9, 15.12, 15.13, 15.14, 15.15, 15.16, 15.18, 15.19, 15.23, 15.26, 15.27, 15.33, 15.34, 15.35

Review Questions:  9, 12, 13, 16, 26

 

 

Chapter 16 - Beyond the Solar System (p. 415)

 

Focus on Learning:  1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10

 

Measuring Distances                                                Stellar Parallax

Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram                                  Light Year

Stellar Evolution                                                      Apparent Magnitude

Galaxies                                                                   Absolute Magnitude

Big Bang Theory                                                     Red Shift

                                                                                Doppler Effect

                                                                                Hubble's Law

 

Figures to Study:  16.2, 16.5, 16.9, 16.10, 16.15, 16.17, 16.18, 16.20, 16.21

Review Questions:  2, 3, 5, 8, 20, 25

 

 

Compact Disk (CD) – GEODe II (included with Lutgens and Tarbuck, Foundations of Earth Science, 2005)

 

            This CD includes most of the material contained in the text in a more visual format.  Some useful and interesting animations are included.  Some quizzes are included that can be used for a review of the material.  (However, be careful not to focus only on terminology and definitions.)

 

 

The CD can be a convenient method to review the material in Foundations of Earth Science.