Late Archaic (from the Persian Conquest of Lydia, 546 BC)
540s Anaximander, On Nature [lost]
530s Anaximenes, [?] [lost]
520s Xenophanes, On Nature [?] [lost]
510s The Book of Job
500s Heraclitus, On the Muses [?] [lost]
490s Parmenides, [?]
480s Confucius, Analects
Early Classical (from the formation of the Delian League, 477 BC)
470s Alcmaeon, On Nature [lost]
460s Zeno of Elea [?] [lost]
450s Empedocles, On Nature [lost]
440s Anaxagoras, On Nature [lost]
430s Philolaus, On Nature [lost]
420s Mo Tzu, The Work of Mo Tzu
410s Democritus, On Different Shapes [lost]
400s Lao Tzu, The Way of the Tao
Late Classical (from the end of the Peloponnesian War, 404 BC)
390s Plato, Euthyphro
380s Plato, Meno
370s Plato, Republic
360s Plato, Theaetetus
350s Aristotle, Categories
340s Aristotle, Physics
330s Aristotle, On the Soul
320s Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
End of the Hundred Schools of Thought (from the death of Alexander, 323 BC)
310s Mencius, The Work of Mencius
300s Kautilya, Science of Material Gain
290s Cleanthes, Hymn to Zeus
280s Badarayana, Brahma Sutra
270s Epicurus, Letter to Menoeceus
260s Gongsun Long, The White Horse Discourse
250s Pseudo-Plato, Demodocus
240s Ecclesiastes
230s Han Fei, The Work of Han Fei
Middle Hellenistic (from the conquest of the Kingdom of Zhao, 228 BC)
220s Chrysippus, On the Growing Argument [lost]
210s Chrysippus, Logical Questions [lost]
200s Aksapada Gautama, Reasoning Sutra
190s Diogenes of Babylon, Handbook of Dialectic [lost]
180s Pseudo-Plato, Eryxias
170s Kanada, Particuralist Sutra
160s Pythagorean Notebooks
150s Cato the Elder, Song for the Dead [lost]
140s Clitomachus, On Withholding Assent [lost]
130s Members of the court of Liu An, The Work of Huainan
120s Pseudo-Plato, Axiochus
110s Posidonius, Ethics [lost]
100s Demetrius Lacon, On Signs
90s Aenesidemus, Pyrrhonian Arguments [lost]
Roman Golden Age (from the extension of Roman Citizenship to all of Italy, 90 BC)
80s Cicero, On Invention
70s Antiochus of Ascalon, On the Measure [lost]
60s Philodemus, On Poems
50s Lucretius, On the Nature of Things
40s Cicero, On Duties
30s Varro, Books of Ancient Things, Human and Divine [lost]
20s Horace, First Book of Epistles
10s Horace, The Poetic Art
0s BC Fabianus Papirius, Books on Natural Causes [lost]
0s AD Pseudo-Plato/Pseudo-Lucian, Halcyon
The Beginning of the Common Era (from the founding of the Zealots, 6 AD)
10s Philo of Alexandria, The Exposition of the Law
20s Philo of Alexandria, The Allegorical Commentary on Genesis
30s Pseudo-Longinus, On the Sublime
40s Seneca, On the Happy Life
50s Paul, Letters to the Romans
60s Seneca, Letters on Morals to Lucilius
70s The Gospel of Mark
80s Pseudo-Cebes of Thebes, Painting
90s Dio Chrysostom, Discourses
Second Sophistic (from the death of Domitian, 96 AD)
100s Epictetus, The Discourses
110s Nicomachus, Introduction to Arithmetic
120s Plutarch, Moralia
130s Epictetus, Handbook
140s Pseudo-Aristotle, On the World
150s Albinus, Introduction
160s Apuleius [?], On Interpretation
170s Marcus Aurelius, Meditations
180s Irenaeus, Against Heresies
190s Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism
200s Tertullian, Against Marcion
210s Alexander of Aphrodisias, Addendum to De Anima
220s Nagarjuna, Fundamental Verses of the Middle Way
230s Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists
Revival of Platonism (from the Year of Six Emperors, 238)
250s Origen, On First Principles
260s Plotinus, Enneads
270s Hermes Trismegistus, The Hermetic Corpus
280s Porphyry, Introduction to Aristotle’s Categories
290s Porphyry, Starting Points Leading to the Intelligibles
300s Porphyry, On Abstaining from Eating Food from Animals
310s Iamblichus, On Pythagoreanism
320s Iamblichus [?], On the Egyptian Mysteries
The Christianization of the Roman Empire (from the Council of Nicaea, 326)
330s Isvarakrishna, Enumeration Verses
340s Themistius, Commentary on de Anima
350s Marius Victorinus, Against Arius
360s Julian the Apostate, Hymn to the Sun
370s Gregory Nazianzen, Theological Orations
380s Augustine, On the Teacher
390s Augustine, Confessions
400s Macrobius, Saturnalia
The Fall of the Roman Empire (from Alaric’s sack of Rome, 410)
410s Augustine, The City of God
420s Martianus Capella, The Marriage of Philology and Mercury
430s Hierocles of Alexandria, Commentary on the Golden Song
440s Vatsyayana, Commentary on the Nyaya Sutra
450s Dignaga, Compendium of Valid Cognition
460s Proclus, Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s Elements
470s Proclus, The Elements of Theology
480s Ammonius, Commentary on De Interpretatione
490s Pseudo-Dionysius, On the Divine Names
500s Aeneas of Gaza, Theophrastus, or, On the Immortality of the Soul and the Resurrection of the Body
510s Boethius, Commentary on Porphyry’s Isagoge
520s Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy
Early Byzantine Empire (from the closure of the Academy, 529)
530s Philoponus, Against Proclus on the Eternity of the World
540s Cassiodorus, On the Soul
550s Simplicius, Commentary on Epictetus’ Handbook
560s Peter the Patrician [?], On Political Science
570s Prasastapada, Compendium of the Nature of Fundamental Categories
580s Elias, Commentary on Aristotle’s Categories
590s Uddyotakara, Elucidation of Nyaya
600s David, Introduction to Philosophy
610s Stephanus of Alexandria, Commentary on de Interpretatione
620s Isadore of Seville, Etymologies
630s The Koran
640s Maximus the Confessor, Ambiguities in the Works of Gregory of Nazianzus
The Revival of Asian Philosophy (from the return of Xuanzang to China, 646)
650s Dharmakirti, The Seven Treatises on Valid Cognition
660s Uisang, Diagram of the Flower Garland, One Vehicle, Realm of Reality
670s Woncheuk, Commentary on Samdhinirmocana Sutra
690s Fazang, Treatise on the Five Teachings
700s Bede, On the Nature of Things
720s John Damascene, The Fountain of Wisdom
740s Sankara, Commentary on Brahma Sutras
750s Pseudo-Aristotle, The Secret of Secrets
760s Santaraksita, Autocommentary on the Ornament of the Middle Way
770s Jayarasi Bhatta, The Lion of Destruction of Categories
Carolingian Renaissance (from Charlemagne’s codification of the Papal States, 781)
780s Alcuin, Debate between the Very Wise King Charles and the Teacher Alcuin on Rhetoric and the Virtues
790s Candidus of Fulda, Sayings of Candidus on the Image of God
800s Fredegisus of Tours, Of Nothing and Darkness (pdf)
810s Nikephorus, Apology for the Catholic Church Concerning the Newly Arisen Schism in Regard to Sacred Images
820s Tsung-mi, The Origins of Humanity
830s Rhabanus Maurus, On the Education of Clergy
840s al-Kindi, On First Philosophy
850s Eriugena, On Predestination
860s Eriugena, The Divisions of Nature
Arab Golden Age (from the accession of Mutamid as Abbasid Caliph, 870)
870s al-Kindi, On the Unity of God and the Limitation of the Body of the World
880s Photius, Amphilochia
890s al-Razi, Spiritual Medicine
900s al-Farabi, The Book of Letters
910s al-Farabi, On the Opinions of the Citizens of the Virtuous City
920s Isaac Israeli, The Book on Spirit and Soul
930s Saadiah, Book of Doctrines and Beliefs
940s al-Farabi, The Epistle of the Intellect
950s Ibn Adi, Essay on Unity
960s al-Amiri, Deliverance of Mankind from the Problem of Predestination and Free Will
Early Fatimid Caliphate (from the founding of Cairo, 969)
970s al-Sijistani, On the Principles of Being
980s al-Sijistani, On the Perfection Peculiar to the Human Species
990s al-Tawhidi, Borrowed Lights
1000s Avicenna, Compendium of the Soul
1010s Abhinavagupta, Doctrine of Divine Recognition
1020s Avicenna, The Cure
1030s Avicenna, Pointers and Reminders
1040s Ibn Miskawayh, Cultivation of Morals
1050s Avicebron, The Source of Life
Romanesque (from the schism between Greek and Latin churches, 1054)
1060s Peter Damian, On Divine Omnipotence
1070s Anselm, Monologion
1080s Anselm, On Truth
1090s al-Ghazali, The Incoherence of the Philosophers (pdf)
1100s al-Ghazali, Deliverance from Error
1110s Avempace, The Conjunction of the Intellect with Human Beings
1120s Abelard, Dialectic
1130s Abelard, Ethics, or Know Yourself
Almohad Period (from the beginning of the Almohad conquest of Morocco, 1140)
1140s Halevi, Kuzari: In Defense of the Despised Faith
1150s Peter Lombard, Book of Sentences
1160s Ibn Tufayl, The Living Son of the Vigilant
1170s Averroes, The Incoherence of The Incoherence
1180s Averroes, The Decisive Treatise on the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy
1190s Maimonides, The Guide to the Perplexed
1200s Ibn Tibbon, Commentary on Ecclesiastes
Scholasticism (from the official recognition of the University of Paris, 1208)
1210s Grosseteste, On Light, or the Beginning of Forms
1220s Philip the Chancellor, Summary of the Good
1230s Ibn Arabi, The Meccan Openings
1240s Albert the Great, Commentary on the Sentences
1250s Bonaventure, Commentary on the Sentences
1260s Roger Bacon, The Major Work
1270s Thomas Aquinas, Summary of Theology
1280s Henry of Ghent, Quodlibetal Disputations
1290s Duns Scotus, Commentary on the Sentences
1300s Meister Eckhart, The Three-Part Work
1310s Dante, Monarchia
1320s Ockham, Summary of Logic (pdf)
1330s Burley, Exposition of Aristotle and Porphyry’s Old Art
1340s Buridan, Little Summaries on Dialectic
Early Renaissance (from the arrival of the Black Death in Florence, 1348)
1350s Oresme, Treatise on the Configuration of Qualities and Motions
1360s Petrarch, On his Own Ignorance and that of Many Others
1370s Ibn Khaldun, Introduction to the History of the World
1380s Catherine of Siena, Dialogue
1390s Blasius of Parma, Commentary on De Anima
1400s Christine de Pizan, Book of the City of the Ladies
1410s Crescas, The Light of the Lord
1420s Bruni, On Military Service
1430s Valla, On Pleasure
High Renaissance (from the invention of the printing press, 1440)
1440s Nicolas of Cusa, Of Learned Ignorance
1450s George of Trebizond, Comparison of the Philosophers Aristotle and Plato
1460s Bessarion, Against the Slanderer of Plato
1470s Ficino, Platonic Theology on the Immortality of the Soul
1480s Pico, Oration on the Dignity of Man
1490s Delmedigo, An Examination of Religion
1500s Erasmus, In Praise of Folly
1510s Pomponazzi, Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul
Reformation (from the promulgation of the 95 Theses, 1517)
1520s Luther, The Bondage of the Will
1530s Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy
1540s Ramus, Divisions of Dialectic
1550s Castellio, On Heretics, Whether They Should be Persecuted
1560s Telesio, On the Nature of Things According to Their Own Principles
1570s Zabarella, Logical Works
1580s Montaigne, Essays
1590s Suarez, Metaphysical Disputations
Baroque (from Kepler's appointment as Imperial Mathematician, 1601)
1600s Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning
1610s Suarez, On Laws and God the Legislator
1620s Grotius, Of the Law of War and Peace
1630s Descartes, Discourse on the Method
1640s Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy
1650s Hobbes, Leviathan
1660s Pascal, Thoughts
1670s Spinoza, Ethics
1680s Locke, Two Treatises of Government
1690s Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
1700s Leibniz, New Essays on Human Understanding
1710s Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge
Enlightenment (from the death of Louis XIV, 1715)
1720s Vico, The New Science
1730s Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature
1740s Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws
1750s Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality
1760s Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense
1770s Herder, This Too a Philosophy of History for the Formation of Humanity
1780s Kant, The Critique of Pure Reason
1790s Kant, The Critique of Judgment
Romantic (from the execution of Condorcet, 1794)
1800s Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit
1810s Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation
1820s Hegel, The Philosophy of Right (pdf)
1830s Bolzano, Wissenschaftslehre
1840s Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript
1850s Marx, Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy
1860s Mill, Considerations on Representative Government
1870s Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music
Recent (from Edison’s demonstration of his light bulb, 1879)
1880s Frege, The Foundations of Arithmetic
1890s James, The Principles of Psychology
1900s Moore, Principia Ethica
1910s Russell, The Philosophy of Logical Atomism
1920s Heidegger, Being and Time
1930s Carnap, The Logical Syntax of Language
1940s de Beauvoir, The Second Sex
1950s Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations
1960s Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1970s Kripke, Naming and Necessity
1980s Parfit, Reasons and Persons