THE RISE OF CAIUS MARIUS (cos. 106, 104-100 BC).
(THE RISE OF PRIVATE ARMIES PART 1)
EMERGENCE OF URBAN GANGS. L. Appuleius Saturninus,
130s down to 110s BC, decline in readiness of Roman military
How to maintain the Roman military to defend the provinces?
111 BC, War with King Jugurtha of
105 BC, Germanic invasions (Arausio)
105 BC, Slave rebellion
102 BC, Rome declared war on Cilician Pirates
Emergence of a Hellenistic ruler, Mithradates
VI Eupator of
Caecilii Metelli, 6 brothers, all became consuls in 120s-110s BC
Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, cos. 109, Marius, cos. 107 BC, sent as his legate
Sallust, the War with Jugurtha
ELECTED CONSUL 107 BC,Volunteer army, L. Cornelius Sulla, quaestor to Marius in 107-6 BC,
C. Marius, assumed German command 104 BC; wife is Julia, aunt of Julius Caesar
Extraordinary commands (provincia extraordinaria), away on command, could not be in Rome, L. Appuleius Saturninus, tr. Pl. 103, 101-100 BC, Glaucia; violence led to discredit of C. Marius; his promises to reward his supporters went unfulfilled.
THE MIDDLE GROUP OF THE 90S BC
M. Antonius; L. Licinius Crassus, Cn. Julius Caesar Strabo, L. Aemilius Scaurus, P. Rutilius Rufus, 98 – 91 BC, legislative program of M. Livius Drusus, tr. Pl. 91 BC
Social War 90-89 BC – Revolt of the Italian Allies - Samnites
Outbreak of the first Mithradatic War 88 BC, invaded Roman province of Asia, 80,000
L. Cornelius Sulla was elected cos. 88 BC, obtained the command against Mithradates.
Sulpicius Rufus, tr. Pl. 88 – legislation to the plebeian assembly to give the Mithradatic Command to C. Marius
Out break of Civil War 88-84 BC – L. Cornelius Cinna cos. In 86 BC
E. Badian, Waiting for Sulla
C. Julius Caesar, elected flamen dialis, Aurelia, 101 or 100 BC
ES Gruen, Roman Politics and the Criminal Courts, 133-82 BC
M. Livius Drusus tr. Pl. 91 BC –
Attempted to give Italians Roman citizenship
Opposition from Metelli, Marius,
100 BC, Marius had tried to improve situation for select Italians
C. Gracchus, 121, offer Roman citizenship to the Italians
Roman army; politicization of the body politic
126 BC, census of Roman citizens 390,000
86 BC, 590,000
70 BC, 800,000
27 BC, 5 million
Social War 90-88 BC
Provincial Rebellions:
Invasion of Mithradates of
Corruption of roman governors; extortion by publicans; acquisition of provincial land by Romans, financial crash in Rome 88 BC; massacre of Roman residents in Asia
Marius and Sulla competed for the command in the Mithradatic War, 88 BC
Sulla elected consul 88 BC, received command against Mithradates; P. Sulpicius Rufus, tr pl. 88 BC, he proposed legislation to give the Mithradatic Command to Marius.
L. Cornelius Cinna, cos. 87; C. Marius Jr. Cinnan regime, 87-82 BC
C. Julius Caesar, praetor some time in the 90s, Cossutia, Aurelia Cotta, his mother, broke off engagement
and arranged marriage with Cornelia daughter of Cinna,
to assume priesthood of flamen dialis
E. Badian, Waiting For Sulla, M. Licinius Crassus went over to Sulla from Spain
Cn. Pompeius Strabo, cos. 89, Pompey the Great, had married another female in the Cinnan regime, divorced her and married Sulla’s daughter on Sulla’s request.