THE RISE OF CAIUS MARIUS (cos. 106, 104-100 BC).

(THE RISE OF PRIVATE ARMIES PART 1)

130s down to 110s BC, decline in readiness of Roman military

How to maintain the Roman military to defend the provinces?

111 BC, War with King Jugurtha of Numidia

105 BC, Germanic invasions (Arausio)

105 BC, Slave rebellion

102 BC, Rome declared war on Cilician Pirates

Emergence of a Hellenistic ruler, Mithradates VI Eupator of Pontus 120s-62 BC

Caecilii Metelli, 6 brothers, all became consuls in 120s-110s BC

Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, cos. 109, Marius, cos. 107 BC, sent as his legate

Sallust, the War with Jugurtha

C. Marius cos. 107, 104-100 BC, ELECTED CONSUL 107 BC,Volunteer army, L. Cornelius Sulla, quaestor to Marius in 107-6 BC,

C. Marius, assumed German command 104 BC; wife is Julia, aunt of Julius Caesar

C. Marius’ military reforms transition from manipular to cohortal legions; allied forces serving at their own expense

EMERGENCE OF URBAN GANGS. L. Appuleius Saturninus, TR. PL 103, 101-100

Extraordinary commands (provincia extraordinaria), away on command, could not be in Rome, L. Appuleius Saturninus, tr. Pl. 103, 101-100 BC, Glaucia; violence led to discredit of C. Marius; his promises to reward his supporters went unfulfilled.

L. Appuleius Saturninus, tr, pl. 103, 101-100; L. Glaucia, Senatus Consultum Ultimum; flight of the birds, augurs

Pork Barrel Legislation

Q. Metellus Numidicus; L. Memmius killed by Glaucia

Marius receives SCU; M. Antonius; Q. Lutatius Catulus, C. Julius Caesar Strabo; Q. Mucius Scaevola the Augur, Pontiff; P. Rutilius Rufus; L. Licinius Crassus

90's BC - E. Gruen, Roman Politics and the Criminal Courts

THE MIDDLE GROUP OF THE 90S BC

M. Antonius; L. Licinius Crassus, Cn. Julius Caesar Strabo, L. Aemilius Scaurus, P. Rutilius Rufus, 98 – 91 BC, legislative program of M. Livius Drusus, tr. Pl. 91 BC

Corruption of roman governors; extortion by publicans; acquisition of provincial land by Romans, financial crash in Rome 88 BC; massacre of Roman residents in Asia

95 BC. cos. Q. Mucius Scaevola, province of Asia, Rutilius Rufus as his legate; 24 and 48% compounded; prosecuted for extortion in Asia,

Marius' embassy, King Mithradates VI of Pontus

91 BC, M. Livius Drusus, tr. pl. 91 BC, pork barrel; wants to offer citizenship to the Italians; 100 BC, Marius had tried to improve situation for select Italians

C. Gracchus, 121, offer Roman citizenship to the Italians

Roman army; politicization of the body politic

126 BC, census of Roman citizens 390,000

86 BC, 590,000

70 BC, 800,000

27 BC, 5 million

Marius and Sulla – Road to Civil War

90 outbreak of the Social War; 89 BC, 88 BC, King Mithradates VI of Pontus invaded province of Asia; Philhellene; Asian Vespers, 80,000

89 BC Senate offers citizenship to all Italians who submit to Roman rule; census of 86 BC (Marian regime)

Elections of 88 BC: L. Cornelius Sulla, cos. 88 BC; praetor 93 BC;

Marius and Sulla competed for the command in the Mithradatic War, 88 BC;

Sulla elected consul 88 BC, received command against Mithradates; P. Sulpicius Rufus, tr pl. 88 BC, he proposed legislation to give the Mithradatic Command to Marius.

88 BC lex sempronia de provincibus, Mithradatic War, L. Sulla

wins the election; P. Sulpicius Rufus tr. pl. 88 BC, gives the command of the Mithradatic War to C. Marius. "anti-Senate";

Out break of Civil War 88-84 BC – L. Cornelius Cinna cos. In 86 BC

E. Badian, Waiting for Sulla

C. Julius Caesar, praetor some time in the 90s, Cossutia, Aurelia Cotta, his mother, broke off engagement and arranged marriage with Cornelia daughter of Cinna, to assume priesthood of flamen dialis

E. Badian, Waiting For Sulla, M. Licinius Crassus went over to Sulla from Spain

Cn. Pompeius Strabo, cos. 89, Pompey the Great, had married another female in the Cinnan regime, divorced her and married Sulla’s daughter on Sulla’s request.

C. Julius Caesar, elected flamen dialis, Aurelia, 101 or 100 BC; Cornelia the daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna cos. 86 BC; desultor belli civilis

first Civil War – 88-84 BC – L. Sulla won; and had himself appointed dictator

P. Sergius Catalina, P. Licinius Crassus, cos 70, 55 BC; Consular colleague of Cn. Pompeius Magnus – extraordinary commands; Spartacus 72 BC

Sallust , the Histories