Force-stepping integrators in Lagrangian mechanics
Marcial Gonzalez, Bernd Schmidt and Michael Ortiz
Int. J. Numerical Methods in Engng., Vol. 84, 1407-1450, 2010
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Abstract
We formulate an integration scheme for Lagrangian mechanics, referred to as the force-stepping scheme,
that is symplectic, energy conserving, time-reversible and convergent with automatic selection of the
time step size. The scheme also conserves approximately all the momentum maps associated with the
symmetries of the system. Exact conservation of momentum maps may additionally be achieved by
recourse to Lagrangian reduction. The force-stepping scheme is obtained by replacing the potential
energy by a piecewise afine approximation over a simplicial grid, or regular triangulation. By taking
triangulations of diminishing size, an approximating sequence of energies is generated. The trajectories
of the resulting approximate Lagrangians can be characterized explicitly and consist of piecewise
parabolic motion, or free fall. Selected numerical tests demonstrate the excellent long-term behavior
of force-stepping, its automatic time-step selection property, and the ease with which it deals with
constraints, including contact problems.
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